Historical overview of the use of the term

When a term "phenomenology" was utilized many days in the history of philosophy before Husserl, modern use ties it other explicitly to his particular method.

Friedrich Christoph Oetinger (German pietist) for the study of the "divine system of relations" Johann Heinrich Lambert (mathematician, physician and philosopher) for the theory of appearances underlying empirical knowledge. Immanuel Kant used it in the similar vein. Hegel used it in his Phänomenologie des Geistes. Brentano seems to have utilized it around a few of his lectures at Vienna. Edmund Husserl redefined it at first as a sort of descriptive psychological science & later on as an epistemological, foundational eidetic discipline to survey essences. He is referred to as the "father" of phenomenology. Carl Stumpf used to refer to an ontology of sensory contents. Max Scheler developed further the phenomenological method of Edmund Husserl & extended it to include as well a reduction of the scientific method. He influenced a mentation of Pope John Paul II and Edith Stein.

Late usage is mostly according to or even (critically) related Husserl's introduction & apply of the term. This branch of philosophy differs from either others therein it tends to exist as additional "descriptive" than "prescriptive".

Husserl and the origin of Phenomenology
Husserl derived numerous crucial conception that come central to phenomenology from either a works & lectures of his teachers, a philosophers & psychologists Franz Brentano and Carl Stumpf. An significant element of phenomenology that Husserl borrowed from either Brentano was intentionality, a notion that the independent characteristic of consciousness is that it is universally intentional. Intentionality, which can be summarised when "aboutness", describes a relationship between mental acts & a external globe. Each mental phenomenon or even psychological work is directed at an object — a designed object. Each belief, want, etc. has an object to which it refers: a believed, a desired. A property of existence designed, of getting an designed object, was a key feature which distinguishes mental/psychical phenomena from either physical phenomena (objects), because physical phenomena lack intentionality altogether.

Precursors and influences
Skepticism (for the concept of the epochè) Descartes (Methodological doubt, ego cogito) British empiricism (Locke, Hume, Berkeley, Mill) Immanuel Kant and neokantianism (for Husserl's transcendental turn) Franz Brentano (for a concept of intentionality & the method of descriptive psychological science) Carl Stumpf (psychological analysis, influenced Husserl's early works)

Phenomenology in the first edition of the Logische Untersuchungen (1900/1901)

In the Logical Investigations his first major function, however under a infuence of Brentano, Husserl however imagine phenomenology when descriptive psychological science. Husserl analyzes a designed structures of mental acts you bet it is directed at two very & idealistic objects. A Logical Investigations lead off sustaining the devastating critique of psychologism we.e. the attempt to subsume a a priori validity of the laws of logic into psychological science. Husserl establishes a separate field for the food & drug administration around logic, philosophy and phenomenology, independently from either the empirical sciences.

Transcendental phenomenology after the Ideen (1913)

A few years fallowing a publication of the Logical Investigations, Husserl mass produced a select few key elaborations which led him to a distinction between the work of consciousness (cognition) & a phenomena at which these are directed (a noemata).

"noetic" refers to the work of consciousness (believing, unforced, hating & caring ...) "noematic" refers to a object or even contented (noema) which appears in the intellectual acts (severally the believed, treasured, despised & loved ...).

What i personally watch is non a object when these are within itself, however how else & inasmuch these are given in the designed acts. Cognition of essences would only exist as imaginable by "bracketing" tons assumptions just about a being of an external globe & a unessential (subjective) aspects of how else a object is concretely given to united states of america. This procedure Husserl known as epoché.

Husserl around the later on time concentrated other on the idealistic, essential structures of consciousness. When he wanted to exclude any hypothesis on a being of external objects, he introduced the method of phenomenological reduction to eliminate the children. What wwhen leftover was a pure nonnatural ego, as opposed to the concrete empirical ego. Currently (otherworldly) phenomenology is a survey of the essential structures that come left withwithin pure consciousness: this numbers in practice to the survey of the noemata & the relations among the two.

Transcendental phenomenologists
Oskar Becker Aron Gurwitsch Alfred Schutz

Realist phenomenology

When Husserl's publication of the Ideen inside 1913, numerous phenomenologists took the critical stance towards his fresh theories. Especially a members of the Munich group distanced themselves from his fresh transcendental phenomenology and preferred a earliest realist phenomenology of the first edition of the Logical Investigations.

A realism consists in the aim to provide phenomenological analyses on extra concrete topics & problems, like analysis of language, art, ethics, etc.

Realist phenomenologists
Adolf Reinach Alexander Pfänder Johannnes Daubert Max Scheler Roman Ingarden

Existential phenomenology

Experiential phenomenology differs from either otherworldly phenomenology by its rejection of the preternatural ego. Merleau-Ponty objects to the ego's transcendence of a globe, which for Husserl leaves the world spread out & entirely transperent prior to the concious. Heidegger thinks of conscious existence when universally & already in the globe. Transcendence is maintained inside experiential phenomenology to a extent that the method of phenomenology must take a presuppositionless terminus a quo - transcending claims all about the globe arising from either, for even even instance, natural or scientific attitudes or theories of the ontological nature and severity of the world.

Heidegger's "phenomenology" and differences with Husserl
Patch Husserl thought philosophy to exist when the scientific discipline that got to become founded in the phenomenology understood as epistemology, Heidegger radically changed this view.

Heidegger himself phrases their differences this way: Based on data from Heidegger philosophy was not the least bit the scientific discipline, however supplementary first harmonic than science itself. So, instead of ingesting phenomenology when prima philosophia or foundational discipline, he took it as a metaphysical ontology: "being is the proper and sole theme of philosophy". Piece for Husserl in the epochè existence appeared simply as a correlative of consciousness, for Heidegger being is the starting point. When for Husserl i personally would keep close at hand to abstract from either a lot concrete determinations of my empirical ego, to become a cappella to turn to a field of pure consciousness, Heidegger claims that: "''the possibilities and destinies of philosophy are bound up with man's existence, and thus with temporality and with historicality''".

(NB: Heidegger's quotes taken from either A Basic Problems of Phenomenology (1954), published by Indiana University Press, 1975. Introduction, p. One - 23 reproduced at [http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/heidegge.htm www.marxists.org].)

Existential phenomenologists
Martin Heidegger (1889 - 1976) Hannah Arendt (1906 – 1975) Emmanuel Levinas (1906 - 1995) Gabriel Marcel Jean-Paul Sartre (1905 - 1980) Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1907 - 1960)

Currents influenced by phenomenology
Hermeneutics Structuralism Poststructuralism Existentialism Deconstructionism